Agnosticism / Atheism: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498, Detail from the Middle
One interesting claim made by Dan Brown and followers of his ideas is that there is no cup in Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper. They use this as evidence for the idea that the 'real' Holy Gail wasn't a cup at all, but Mary Magdalene who was married to Jesus and the mother of his child whose descendants were, among others, the Merovingian Dynasty. This terrible "secret" is supposed to be something that Catholic Church officials are willing to kill over.
One interesting claim made by Dan Brown and followers of his ideas is that there is no cup in Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper. They use this as evidence for the idea that the 'real' Holy Gail wasn't a cup at all, but Mary Magdalene who was married to Jesus and the mother of his child whose descendants were, among others, the Merovingian Dynasty. This terrible "secret" is supposed to be something that Catholic Church officials are willing to kill over.
Self Portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci: Who Was Leonardo Da Vinci? Leonardo Da Vinci: Renaissance Humanist, Artist
Leonardo Da Vinci, born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. While people may realize that he as an important artist, though, they don't generally realize how important he was as an early skeptic, naturalist, materialist, and scientist. There is no evidence that he was an atheist, but he is a role model in how to approach both scientific and artistic problems from a naturalistic, skeptical perspective.
Leonardo Da Vinci, born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. While people may realize that he as an important artist, though, they don't generally realize how important he was as an early skeptic, naturalist, materialist, and scientist. There is no evidence that he was an atheist, but he is a role model in how to approach both scientific and artistic problems from a naturalistic, skeptical perspective.
Columns of Greek Temples: Secular and Religious Meanings - Doric, Ionic, Corinthian Columns and their Meanings
One of the most prominent features of Greek temples is their columns - although columns appear in architecture all around the world, they appear here in an especially significant form. The ancient Greeks constructed their temples along very specific lines, and that included their columns. Over the centuries three different styles (also called Orders) of column were used: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
One of the most prominent features of Greek temples is their columns - although columns appear in architecture all around the world, they appear here in an especially significant form. The ancient Greeks constructed their temples along very specific lines, and that included their columns. Over the centuries three different styles (also called Orders) of column were used: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Zeus: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
This image is probably of Zeus sitting on his throne in the Temple of Zeus in Delphi. This was perhaps the most famous of all temples dedicated to Zeus in Greece, in part because of Phidias' massive statue. Pausanias gave the most detailed description of the statue
This image is probably of Zeus sitting on his throne in the Temple of Zeus in Delphi. This was perhaps the most famous of all temples dedicated to Zeus in Greece, in part because of Phidias' massive statue. Pausanias gave the most detailed description of the statue
Atheism vs. Agnosticism
Many people who adopt the label of agnostic reject the label of atheist - there is a common perception that agnosticism is a more "reasonable" position while atheism is more "dogmatic," ultimately indistinguishable from theism except in the details. Is this a valid position to take?
Many people who adopt the label of agnostic reject the label of atheist - there is a common perception that agnosticism is a more "reasonable" position while atheism is more "dogmatic," ultimately indistinguishable from theism except in the details. Is this a valid position to take?
Peter the Apostle: Profile
There are two reasons why Peter is important for understanding Christianity. First, he is treated as a model for Christians to follow. In theory, Christians are expect to act as Peter is described as acting - for better and for worse. Second, the gospels describe Jesus as calling Peter his 'rock' upon which the future church would be built. After his martyrdom in Rome, traditions developed which led to the belief that the most important Christian church organization was located in Rome.
There are two reasons why Peter is important for understanding Christianity. First, he is treated as a model for Christians to follow. In theory, Christians are expect to act as Peter is described as acting - for better and for worse. Second, the gospels describe Jesus as calling Peter his 'rock' upon which the future church would be built. After his martyrdom in Rome, traditions developed which led to the belief that the most important Christian church organization was located in Rome.
Witchcraft & Satanism: Linking Witches & Satan out of Ignorance, to Encourage Fear and Hatred
Religious and political authorities of various eras and different cultures have always found it convenient to associate their enemies with the worst possible evil they could imagine. In the Christian west, this generally meant associating enemies with Satan. These sort of extreme demonization allows a person to stop seeing their enemy as entirely human and the conflict as something which does not require mercy, traditionally just procedures, or anything of the kind.
Religious and political authorities of various eras and different cultures have always found it convenient to associate their enemies with the worst possible evil they could imagine. In the Christian west, this generally meant associating enemies with Satan. These sort of extreme demonization allows a person to stop seeing their enemy as entirely human and the conflict as something which does not require mercy, traditionally just procedures, or anything of the kind.
Atheism 101
I see a lot of misunderstandings and errors about atheism and atheists all over the net. People don't understand what atheism is, what the definition of atheism is, or the difference between atheism and agnosticism. People claim that atheism is a religion, that it requires faith, that it's a form of denial, that there are no real atheists, and that there are no atheists in foxholes. This introduction to atheism answers most of the most common questions and mistakes about atheism.
I see a lot of misunderstandings and errors about atheism and atheists all over the net. People don't understand what atheism is, what the definition of atheism is, or the difference between atheism and agnosticism. People claim that atheism is a religion, that it requires faith, that it's a form of denial, that there are no real atheists, and that there are no atheists in foxholes. This introduction to atheism answers most of the most common questions and mistakes about atheism.
Phoenician Alphabet: Language, Writing, Alphabets Reveal Cultural Continuity in the Near East
In the above image, just a piece of a larger chart, standard Egyptian hieroglyphs appear to the left and next to them is Hieratic, a cursive script derived from the hieroglyphs. Next to that is Phoenician, itself already well developed from an earlier alphabet known as Proto-Canaanite. The similarities between Phoenician and Hieratic are clear; Proto-Canaanite, which doesn't appear in this chart, is usually a clear middle point between them.
In the above image, just a piece of a larger chart, standard Egyptian hieroglyphs appear to the left and next to them is Hieratic, a cursive script derived from the hieroglyphs. Next to that is Phoenician, itself already well developed from an earlier alphabet known as Proto-Canaanite. The similarities between Phoenician and Hieratic are clear; Proto-Canaanite, which doesn't appear in this chart, is usually a clear middle point between them.
Joan of Arc, Witch and Heretic: Powerful Women Had to Fear the Accusation of Witchcraft
Although accusations of witchcraft seem to have been most commonly made against older women who lived on the margins of society and who may have become socially troublesome, there is also evidence that women who were too powerful could become targets as well. Joan of Arc is one famous example of a woman who achieved a great deal but was then burned as a witch for her trouble.
Although accusations of witchcraft seem to have been most commonly made against older women who lived on the margins of society and who may have become socially troublesome, there is also evidence that women who were too powerful could become targets as well. Joan of Arc is one famous example of a woman who achieved a great deal but was then burned as a witch for her trouble.
Sex & Interrogation of Witches: Did Witches Symbolize Female Sexuality and Power to a Patriarchal Church?
It witches and witchcraft have become imbued with an identity that reaches far beyond their own existence, if they have become a symbol for something larger for Christians, then what are they a symbol of? It seems to me that witches served a symbolic role for the male, celibate religious authorities in Europe. Witches were not simply adherents to an alternative religiosity, and they certainly weren't turning whole towns into toads.
It witches and witchcraft have become imbued with an identity that reaches far beyond their own existence, if they have become a symbol for something larger for Christians, then what are they a symbol of? It seems to me that witches served a symbolic role for the male, celibate religious authorities in Europe. Witches were not simply adherents to an alternative religiosity, and they certainly weren't turning whole towns into toads.
Why Don't Atheists Believe?
A common question which atheists hear a lot is 'why don't you believe in God?' Theists, religious or not, have trouble imagining why anyone would not believe in at least some sort of god, preferably their own. When a belief occupies such a central place in a person's life and even identity, this is understandable. The fact is, there are many reasons why atheists might not believe in any gods. Most atheists can cite multiple reasons and every atheist is different.
A common question which atheists hear a lot is 'why don't you believe in God?' Theists, religious or not, have trouble imagining why anyone would not believe in at least some sort of god, preferably their own. When a belief occupies such a central place in a person's life and even identity, this is understandable. The fact is, there are many reasons why atheists might not believe in any gods. Most atheists can cite multiple reasons and every atheist is different.
Hermes / Mercury by Giambologna: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The sculpture of Mercury (Hermes) by Giambologna is one of his most famous and is familiar to people all over the world. It depicts Hermes standing on a column of air coming from the mouth of Zephyr, creating an illusion of floating.
The sculpture of Mercury (Hermes) by Giambologna is one of his most famous and is familiar to people all over the world. It depicts Hermes standing on a column of air coming from the mouth of Zephyr, creating an illusion of floating.
Noah Sends a Dove from the Ark: Genesis 8:6-12
Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, ... And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, ... And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
Torture & Sexual Repression: How the Torture of Witches Revealed the Sexual Repression of Inquisitors
Interrogations of witches followed many standard Inquisition procedures, but with some added bonuses. Accused witches were all stripped naked, had all of their body hair shaved of, and then pricked. Red-hot tongs were applied to womens' breasts and genitalia. Researcher Nancy van Vuuren has written that 'The women's sex organs provided special attraction for the male torturer.'
Interrogations of witches followed many standard Inquisition procedures, but with some added bonuses. Accused witches were all stripped naked, had all of their body hair shaved of, and then pricked. Red-hot tongs were applied to womens' breasts and genitalia. Researcher Nancy van Vuuren has written that 'The women's sex organs provided special attraction for the male torturer.'
Leonardo Da Vinci: Full Image Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498
The Lord's Supper, which was the final meal of Jesus with his disciples and the time when he is recorded as having instituted the communion celebration, has been the subject of innumerable artistic interpretations. Perhaps the most famous is the painting Last Supper, created by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1498 for Duke Lodovico Sforza and painted in the Dominican church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the duke's family chapel and burial place.
The Lord's Supper, which was the final meal of Jesus with his disciples and the time when he is recorded as having instituted the communion celebration, has been the subject of innumerable artistic interpretations. Perhaps the most famous is the painting Last Supper, created by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1498 for Duke Lodovico Sforza and painted in the Dominican church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the duke's family chapel and burial place.
Vitruvius, the Virtuvian Man, by Leonardo Da Vinci: Leonardo Da Vinci & Science, Observation, Empiricism, and Mathematics
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
China - Religion
Religion in China.
Religion in China.
Ares / Mars: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Because Ares, the Greek god of war, represented all of the worst aspects of warfare, battle, and slaughter, worship of him was not very common or extensive in Greece. He was more popular in northern Greece like Trace, but even here temple sites are pretty rare.
Because Ares, the Greek god of war, represented all of the worst aspects of warfare, battle, and slaughter, worship of him was not very common or extensive in Greece. He was more popular in northern Greece like Trace, but even here temple sites are pretty rare.
objective vs. subjective
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - objective vs. subjective
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - objective vs. subjective
Ethics as Obedience to God
Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. To make the correct moral choices, we have to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. When we follow our duty, we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. Typically in any deontological system, our duties, rules, and obligations are determined by God. Being moral is thus a matter of obeying God.
Deontological moral systems are characterized by a focus upon adherence to independent moral rules or duties. To make the correct moral choices, we have to understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. When we follow our duty, we are behaving morally. When we fail to follow our duty, we are behaving immorally. Typically in any deontological system, our duties, rules, and obligations are determined by God. Being moral is thus a matter of obeying God.
Sunni Islam vs. Shia Islam: Islam Cannot be Criticized as a Monolithic Faith - Islam is a Religion with Variety & Complexity Which Critics Must Understand
There is plenty in both the theology of Islam and the behavior of Muslims which outsiders can legitimately criticize or disagree with. Any serious, sustained critique, however, must be based on what Muslims actually believe and this in turn requires understanding just how diverse Islam is. Comments from both Muslims and critics can give the impression that Islam is a single, united, monolithic religion but this is false. There's more to Islam than most seem to realize, even among atheists.
There is plenty in both the theology of Islam and the behavior of Muslims which outsiders can legitimately criticize or disagree with. Any serious, sustained critique, however, must be based on what Muslims actually believe and this in turn requires understanding just how diverse Islam is. Comments from both Muslims and critics can give the impression that Islam is a single, united, monolithic religion but this is false. There's more to Islam than most seem to realize, even among atheists.
Executing Witches and Eliminating Witchcraft: Killing Witches as the Best Way to Kill Witchcraft
Burning and hanging were the most popular forms of execution for accused witches in medieval Europe. Burning seems to have been most common in continental Europe while hanging was more common in Britain -- and thus also in the American colonies later as well. The death penalty was imposed on a wide variety of crimes in this era, but witchcraft in particular was punished by death on the basis of Exodus 22:18.
Burning and hanging were the most popular forms of execution for accused witches in medieval Europe. Burning seems to have been most common in continental Europe while hanging was more common in Britain -- and thus also in the American colonies later as well. The death penalty was imposed on a wide variety of crimes in this era, but witchcraft in particular was punished by death on the basis of Exodus 22:18.
Hera: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Both brother and husband of Zeus, Hera is queen of the gods. The Greeks revered her as protector of marriage, especially married women. This may be because she had such a difficult marriage herself. Zeus was not the least bit faithful, always succumbing to his lust for other women - mortal as well as immortal.
Both brother and husband of Zeus, Hera is queen of the gods. The Greeks revered her as protector of marriage, especially married women. This may be because she had such a difficult marriage herself. Zeus was not the least bit faithful, always succumbing to his lust for other women - mortal as well as immortal.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498, Detail from the Right
As our eyes move across the painting, shifting from one apostle's reaction to the next, one thing which may become evident is how human the depiction of each figure is. There are no halos or any other marker of holiness - not even any symbols of divinity around Jesus. Every person is a human being, reacting in a human way. It is thus the human aspect of the moment which Leonardo Da Vinci was trying to capture and express, not the sacred or divine aspects usually focused on in Christian liturgy.
As our eyes move across the painting, shifting from one apostle's reaction to the next, one thing which may become evident is how human the depiction of each figure is. There are no halos or any other marker of holiness - not even any symbols of divinity around Jesus. Every person is a human being, reacting in a human way. It is thus the human aspect of the moment which Leonardo Da Vinci was trying to capture and express, not the sacred or divine aspects usually focused on in Christian liturgy.
Confessing Witches: Under Torture, Accused Witches Would Confess to Almost Anything
Confessions of witchcraft, extracted under torture or threat of torture, commonly came attached to denouncements of other possible witches, keeping the Inquisitors in business. In Spain, church records tell the story of Maria of Ituren admitting under torture that she and sister witches turned themselves into horses and galloped through the sky. In a district of France, 600 women admitted to copulating with demons. Some entire villages in Europe were may have been exterminated.
Confessions of witchcraft, extracted under torture or threat of torture, commonly came attached to denouncements of other possible witches, keeping the Inquisitors in business. In Spain, church records tell the story of Maria of Ituren admitting under torture that she and sister witches turned themselves into horses and galloped through the sky. In a district of France, 600 women admitted to copulating with demons. Some entire villages in Europe were may have been exterminated.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Last Supper, painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1498, Detail from the Left
The source used by Leonardo Da Vinci is John 13:21 and is supposed to represent the exact moment when Jesus announces to his disciples that one of them would betray him: 'When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.' Thus the reactions of all the disciples are the reactions to hearing that one of them is a traitor to Jesus who would cause the death of their teacher. Each reacts in a different way.
The source used by Leonardo Da Vinci is John 13:21 and is supposed to represent the exact moment when Jesus announces to his disciples that one of them would betray him: 'When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.' Thus the reactions of all the disciples are the reactions to hearing that one of them is a traitor to Jesus who would cause the death of their teacher. Each reacts in a different way.
Athena: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
The Greek goddess Athena was considered the child of Zeus alone for Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis, and gave birth to Athena himself through his head and fully grown. She a goddess of civilization and war, reason and violence.
The Greek goddess Athena was considered the child of Zeus alone for Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis, and gave birth to Athena himself through his head and fully grown. She a goddess of civilization and war, reason and violence.
Church / State Separation: Myths and Misconceptions
Separation of Church and State: Myths and Misconceptions. What are some of the misunderstandings and myths which some people have about the separation of church and state? Learn what church / state separation is really about.
Separation of Church and State: Myths and Misconceptions. What are some of the misunderstandings and myths which some people have about the separation of church and state? Learn what church / state separation is really about.
Witch Hunts & Persecution in America: Salem as an Iconic Example of Social Persecution
As most Americans know, witch hunts also affected the American colonies. The Salem witch trials pursued the Massachusetts Puritans have entered American consciousness as being much more then just the killing of witches. They, like the trials of Europe, have become a symbol. In our case, the witch trials have become a symbol of what can go wrong when mobs of ignorant people go crazy, especially when egged on by just as ignorant and/or power hungry leaders.
As most Americans know, witch hunts also affected the American colonies. The Salem witch trials pursued the Massachusetts Puritans have entered American consciousness as being much more then just the killing of witches. They, like the trials of Europe, have become a symbol. In our case, the witch trials have become a symbol of what can go wrong when mobs of ignorant people go crazy, especially when egged on by just as ignorant and/or power hungry leaders.
Barack Obama's Religion
Barack Obama's religious background is more diverse than that of most prominent politicians, but it may prove to be representative of future generations of Americans who grow up in an increasingly diverse America. His mother was raised by non-practicing Christians; his father was raised a Muslim but was an atheist by the time he had married Obama's mother. Neither Obama nor his mother were ever atheists, but she raised him in a relatively secular household where he learned about religion.
Barack Obama's religious background is more diverse than that of most prominent politicians, but it may prove to be representative of future generations of Americans who grow up in an increasingly diverse America. His mother was raised by non-practicing Christians; his father was raised a Muslim but was an atheist by the time he had married Obama's mother. Neither Obama nor his mother were ever atheists, but she raised him in a relatively secular household where he learned about religion.
Science FAQ: What is Science?
Science FAQ: What is science? What isn't science? An attempt to develop a reasonable and understandable definition of science, relying upon the methods of science and what distinguishes science from other pursuits.
Science FAQ: What is science? What isn't science? An attempt to develop a reasonable and understandable definition of science, relying upon the methods of science and what distinguishes science from other pursuits.
Illustration of a German Crusader: Knights of the Crusades Gallery
German knights played important roles throughout the Crusades and, during the Third Crusade, they might have been successful in defeating Saladin's armies had Frederick I Barbarossa not drowned on the way.
German knights played important roles throughout the Crusades and, during the Third Crusade, they might have been successful in defeating Saladin's armies had Frederick I Barbarossa not drowned on the way.
Philosophy of Science: What is Science?
Philosophy of Science: what is science? what isn't it? What is the scientific method? What is a scientific theory? How do scientists use terms like hypothesis, theory, truth and law?
Philosophy of Science: what is science? what isn't it? What is the scientific method? What is a scientific theory? How do scientists use terms like hypothesis, theory, truth and law?
Witches, Misogyny, and Patriarchy: How Misogynistic Attitudes Fed the Fear of Witches
Women were regarded as impediments to true spirituality and union with God, which helps explain why investigators focused on women more than men. The church had a long-standing prejudice against women, and this was given vent when the doctrine of devil worship was emphasized as an enemy which the church had to confront and destroy. This animus hasn't entirely disappeared even today
Women were regarded as impediments to true spirituality and union with God, which helps explain why investigators focused on women more than men. The church had a long-standing prejudice against women, and this was given vent when the doctrine of devil worship was emphasized as an enemy which the church had to confront and destroy. This animus hasn't entirely disappeared even today
Science FAQ: Scientific Theories
Science FAQ: What are scientific theories? What makes an idea scientific? An explanation of the various logical, empirical, sociological, historical and even legal criteria used to define science and scientific theories.
Science FAQ: What are scientific theories? What makes an idea scientific? An explanation of the various logical, empirical, sociological, historical and even legal criteria used to define science and scientific theories.
Kiddush HaShem
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Kiddush HaShem
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Kiddush HaShem
Beware of Recruitment into the Homosexual Lifestyle: Godless Sodomites Will Subvert Heterosexual Christian Society
A common which the Christian Right tries to make against gays and efforts to increase social acceptance of homosexuality is the idea that gays want to 'recruit' others - especially children - into their 'lifestyle.' People who know gays and understand homosexuality find this position absurd, but it does seem to follow logically from the starting assumptions which the Christian Right has about homosexuality generally.
A common which the Christian Right tries to make against gays and efforts to increase social acceptance of homosexuality is the idea that gays want to 'recruit' others - especially children - into their 'lifestyle.' People who know gays and understand homosexuality find this position absurd, but it does seem to follow logically from the starting assumptions which the Christian Right has about homosexuality generally.
Muhammad Teaching About Islam: Woe Unto Those Who Disblieve Muhammad
If you hear the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad and don't believe, you're in a lot of trouble: "Woe unto each sinful liar, Who heareth the revelations of Allah recited unto him, and then continueth in pride as though he heard them not. Give him tidings of a painful doom. And when he knoweth aught of Our revelations he maketh it a jest. For such there is a shameful doom. Beyond them there is hell..."
If you hear the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad and don't believe, you're in a lot of trouble: "Woe unto each sinful liar, Who heareth the revelations of Allah recited unto him, and then continueth in pride as though he heard them not. Give him tidings of a painful doom. And when he knoweth aught of Our revelations he maketh it a jest. For such there is a shameful doom. Beyond them there is hell..."
Patriarchy - Having a Penis Means a Male God Wants You in Charge of Women - Your Dangling Bits are a Sign that God Favors Patriarchy
Apologists for patriarchy and male privilege are among the most ridiculous and absurd defenders of any sort of unjust privilege that you can find. When you get right down to it, all their arguments ultimately reduce to waving around their genitalia and insisting that because their genitals hang down and outside their bodies, they have divinely-sanctioned authority to be leaders and deciders in the family, in politics, in business, and in all of society. So a penis is a badge of leadership.
Apologists for patriarchy and male privilege are among the most ridiculous and absurd defenders of any sort of unjust privilege that you can find. When you get right down to it, all their arguments ultimately reduce to waving around their genitalia and insisting that because their genitals hang down and outside their bodies, they have divinely-sanctioned authority to be leaders and deciders in the family, in politics, in business, and in all of society. So a penis is a badge of leadership.
Watchtower Resurrection
Millions of Christians look forward to an afterlife where they will be rewarded with a heavenly resurrection while the spirits of the wicked are punished in Hell. Jehovah's Witnesses, in contrast, don't believe in an immortal soul and most look forward to an earthly resurrection where their bodies will be restored to perfect health. Nearly everyone will be resurrected and given a second chance to prove their loyalty to God, which makes Jehovah seem kinder than the God of many Christians.
Millions of Christians look forward to an afterlife where they will be rewarded with a heavenly resurrection while the spirits of the wicked are punished in Hell. Jehovah's Witnesses, in contrast, don't believe in an immortal soul and most look forward to an earthly resurrection where their bodies will be restored to perfect health. Nearly everyone will be resurrected and given a second chance to prove their loyalty to God, which makes Jehovah seem kinder than the God of many Christians.
What is a Logical Fallacy?
Fallacies are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument.
Fallacies are defects in an argument that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument.
Muslim Women in Algeria: Women Have No Choice About Sex
Women are your fields: go, then, into your fields whence you please. ... Allah's Messenger said, 'When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven.' Allah's Apostle said, 'By him in whose hand is my life, when a man calls his wife to his bed, and she does not respond, the One Who is in the heaven is displeased with her untill he (her husband) is pleased with her.'
Women are your fields: go, then, into your fields whence you please. ... Allah's Messenger said, 'When a man calls his wife to satisfy his desire she must go to him even if she is occupied at the oven.' Allah's Apostle said, 'By him in whose hand is my life, when a man calls his wife to his bed, and she does not respond, the One Who is in the heaven is displeased with her untill he (her husband) is pleased with her.'
Muslim Basic Beliefs
Many Muslim beliefs are similar to the beliefs in Christianity and Judaism, but other beliefs do differ. The most central beliefs are contained in the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims also have a number of important Holy Days and Holy Sites which differ from those found in Christianity and Judaism. Any basic understanding of Islam requires first understanding what Muslims believe, why, and how those beliefs differ from beliefs in other religions.
Many Muslim beliefs are similar to the beliefs in Christianity and Judaism, but other beliefs do differ. The most central beliefs are contained in the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims also have a number of important Holy Days and Holy Sites which differ from those found in Christianity and Judaism. Any basic understanding of Islam requires first understanding what Muslims believe, why, and how those beliefs differ from beliefs in other religions.
Beginnings of the Bible Belt
What is the American 'Bible Belt' and how did it originate? Why did the most conservative strains of Christianity moved from New England down to the South? Much has been written about Southern evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity in America, but not a lot has been written about its very earliest origins: how a mostly Anglican region based upon money and commerce was converted to the Baptist and Methodist denominations based on authoritarianism and masculinity.
What is the American 'Bible Belt' and how did it originate? Why did the most conservative strains of Christianity moved from New England down to the South? Much has been written about Southern evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity in America, but not a lot has been written about its very earliest origins: how a mostly Anglican region based upon money and commerce was converted to the Baptist and Methodist denominations based on authoritarianism and masculinity.
Poseidon of Melos: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Poseidon is normally depicted with a beard and he commonly carries a trident which he used to split rocks or cause earthquakes. It is also common for him to appear with a dolphin, as with this marble statue created around 130 BCE on the island of Melos. Sometimes the dolphin or dolphins are pulling him along in a shell-chariot.
Poseidon is normally depicted with a beard and he commonly carries a trident which he used to split rocks or cause earthquakes. It is also common for him to appear with a dolphin, as with this marble statue created around 130 BCE on the island of Melos. Sometimes the dolphin or dolphins are pulling him along in a shell-chariot.
Philosophy FAQ: Biographies of Famous Philosophers
Philosophy FAQ: Biographies of Famous Philosophers. This index links to short biographies of famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, scientists and more.
Philosophy FAQ: Biographies of Famous Philosophers. This index links to short biographies of famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, scientists and more.
Adolf Hitler Quotations on God
It's popular among Christian apologists to claim that Hitler, the Nazis, and the Holocaust are all consequences of atheism, secularism, and liberalism. Such arguments fly in the face of reality: Adolf Hitler regularly proclaimed his faith in God, Nazi ideology was committed to supporting Christianity (on its terms, of course), and Nazi anti-Semitism was firmly grounded in Christian anti-Semitism. Hitler's theism, religiosity, and Christianity are strongly supported in his own words.
It's popular among Christian apologists to claim that Hitler, the Nazis, and the Holocaust are all consequences of atheism, secularism, and liberalism. Such arguments fly in the face of reality: Adolf Hitler regularly proclaimed his faith in God, Nazi ideology was committed to supporting Christianity (on its terms, of course), and Nazi anti-Semitism was firmly grounded in Christian anti-Semitism. Hitler's theism, religiosity, and Christianity are strongly supported in his own words.
Philosophy Intro for Atheists
Defining and explaining philosophy is no easy task - the very nature of the subject seems to defy description. The problem is that philosophy, in one way or another, ends up touching upon nearly every aspect of human life. Philosophy has something to say when it comes to science, art, religion, politics, medicine, and a host of other topics. This is also why a basic grounding in philosophy can be so important for irreligious atheists.
Defining and explaining philosophy is no easy task - the very nature of the subject seems to defy description. The problem is that philosophy, in one way or another, ends up touching upon nearly every aspect of human life. Philosophy has something to say when it comes to science, art, religion, politics, medicine, and a host of other topics. This is also why a basic grounding in philosophy can be so important for irreligious atheists.
Ethics of Abortion
Usually debates about abortion focus on politics and the law: should abortion be outlawed and treated like the murder of a human person, or remain a legal choice available to all women? Behind the debates are more fundamental ethical questions which aren't always given the specific attention they deserve. Some believe that the law shouldn't legislate morality, but all good law is based upon moral values. A failure to openly discuss those values can obscure important discussions.
Usually debates about abortion focus on politics and the law: should abortion be outlawed and treated like the murder of a human person, or remain a legal choice available to all women? Behind the debates are more fundamental ethical questions which aren't always given the specific attention they deserve. Some believe that the law shouldn't legislate morality, but all good law is based upon moral values. A failure to openly discuss those values can obscure important discussions.
Arguments Deductive, Inductive
Arguments can be separated into two categories: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false.
Arguments can be separated into two categories: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is one in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false. An inductive argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is improbable that the conclusion would be false.
Hades and Persephone: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Not being especially popular among other immortals, he didn't have much luck in love. One day he spotted Persephone, daughter of Demeter, and decided that instead of trying to woo her (a goal he was unlikely to have success with) he would simply abduct her.
Not being especially popular among other immortals, he didn't have much luck in love. One day he spotted Persephone, daughter of Demeter, and decided that instead of trying to woo her (a goal he was unlikely to have success with) he would simply abduct her.
Timelines of Religious History
Comparative timelines of religious history: chronologies of events, people and places.
Comparative timelines of religious history: chronologies of events, people and places.
Jerusalem:Map of Solomon's Temple
Although it was first destroyed in 586 BCE and then again in 70 CE, many traditional Jews continue to pray three times each day for the reconstruction of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. From the time it was constructed around 1000 BCE, it was the focal point of Jewish religious practice and was the site of many, many ritual animal sacrifices.
Although it was first destroyed in 586 BCE and then again in 70 CE, many traditional Jews continue to pray three times each day for the reconstruction of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. From the time it was constructed around 1000 BCE, it was the focal point of Jewish religious practice and was the site of many, many ritual animal sacrifices.
Saint Bartholomew the Apostle: Who was St. Bartholomew? Was He St. Nathanael, Apostle in the Gospel of John?
Some Christian legends say that after seeing the risen Jesus at the Sea of Tiberias, Bartholomew travelled to India and brought Christianity to the people there. Other legends say that he travelled with St. Jude Thaddeus, another of the twelve apostles, to Armenia to bring Christianity to the people there. These same legends say that Bartholomew was martyred in Armenia by being flayed alive and then crucified upside down.
Some Christian legends say that after seeing the risen Jesus at the Sea of Tiberias, Bartholomew travelled to India and brought Christianity to the people there. Other legends say that he travelled with St. Jude Thaddeus, another of the twelve apostles, to Armenia to bring Christianity to the people there. These same legends say that Bartholomew was martyred in Armenia by being flayed alive and then crucified upside down.
Myth: Atheism is Denial of God
The most common misunderstanding about atheism involves the definition. Many people insist that atheism is really the denial of the existence of God, but there are two errors here. First, it pretends that atheism is exclusively about their god, the god common to Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Second, it focuses on a narrow sub-set of atheism and atheists to the exclusion of all others. Standard dictionaries list 'disbelief in god or Gods' as the first and primary definition of atheism.
The most common misunderstanding about atheism involves the definition. Many people insist that atheism is really the denial of the existence of God, but there are two errors here. First, it pretends that atheism is exclusively about their god, the god common to Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Second, it focuses on a narrow sub-set of atheism and atheists to the exclusion of all others. Standard dictionaries list 'disbelief in god or Gods' as the first and primary definition of atheism.
Timeline of Old Testament History
Old Testament History: Timeline of events, people and places.
Old Testament History: Timeline of events, people and places.
Pope Benedict XVI: A Nazi?
The question of Joseph Ratzinger’s involvement with Nazi Germany and the Hitler Youth is important. Neither Ratzinger nor any member of his immediate family joined the NSDAP (Nazi Party). Ratzinger’s father was critical of the Nazi government and as a result the family had to move four times. None of this is remarkable, however, because the same happened with other German Catholic families. There is reason to think that Joseph Ratzinger has been less than fully candid about his past, though.
The question of Joseph Ratzinger’s involvement with Nazi Germany and the Hitler Youth is important. Neither Ratzinger nor any member of his immediate family joined the NSDAP (Nazi Party). Ratzinger’s father was critical of the Nazi government and as a result the family had to move four times. None of this is remarkable, however, because the same happened with other German Catholic families. There is reason to think that Joseph Ratzinger has been less than fully candid about his past, though.
What is an Argument?
When a lot of discussion consists of people creating and critiquing specific arguments, it is helpful to understand just what an argument is and what an argument is not. Sometimes an argument is seen merely as a verbal fight, but that is not what is meant in these discussions. Sometimes a person thinks they are offering an argument when all they are actually providing is assertions.
When a lot of discussion consists of people creating and critiquing specific arguments, it is helpful to understand just what an argument is and what an argument is not. Sometimes an argument is seen merely as a verbal fight, but that is not what is meant in these discussions. Sometimes a person thinks they are offering an argument when all they are actually providing is assertions.
What Are the Ten Commandments?
The Ten Commandments are a set of ten basic rules of behavior, mostly negative in construction, that appear in the ancient Hebrew scriptures and are directed at the Hebrews as God’s chosen people. Tradition holds that these rules were delivered to them by God via Moses, who climbed to the top of Mount Sinai during the Hebrews’ journey through the desert from Egypt to Canaan. They are, then, God’s requirements for how the Hebrews are supposed to behave.
The Ten Commandments are a set of ten basic rules of behavior, mostly negative in construction, that appear in the ancient Hebrew scriptures and are directed at the Hebrews as God’s chosen people. Tradition holds that these rules were delivered to them by God via Moses, who climbed to the top of Mount Sinai during the Hebrews’ journey through the desert from Egypt to Canaan. They are, then, God’s requirements for how the Hebrews are supposed to behave.
Quotes on Religion - Carl Sagan
Freethought Quotations: Carl Sagan.
Freethought Quotations: Carl Sagan.
Ethics: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue
Ethics FAQ: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue Ethics. How do these three type of normative ethical systems differ? What are their different approaches and how do they arrive at different or even similar answers to ethical questions?
Ethics FAQ: Deontological, Teleological and Virtue Ethics. How do these three type of normative ethical systems differ? What are their different approaches and how do they arrive at different or even similar answers to ethical questions?
Origin of the Pantheon in Rome: Model of the Pantheon in Rome, as it Appeared during the Roman Empire
The original Pantheon of Rome was built between 27 & 25 BCE, under the consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was dedicated to 12 gods of heaven and focused on Augustus' cult and Romans believed that Romulus ascended to heaven from this spot. Agrippa's structure, which was rectangular, was destroyed in 80 CE and what we see today is a reconstruction done in 118 CE under the leadership of emperor Hadrian, who even restored the original inscription on the facade.
The original Pantheon of Rome was built between 27 & 25 BCE, under the consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. It was dedicated to 12 gods of heaven and focused on Augustus' cult and Romans believed that Romulus ascended to heaven from this spot. Agrippa's structure, which was rectangular, was destroyed in 80 CE and what we see today is a reconstruction done in 118 CE under the leadership of emperor Hadrian, who even restored the original inscription on the facade.
Persecuting Witches & Persecuting Women: Witchcraft as a Means for Subduing Female Influences
It would be a mistake to assert that the Christian persecution of witches and witchcraft was nothing but an attempt to suppress women and feminine influences. Christian society, politics, and theology at the time simply wasn't that simplistic. At the same time, it's hard to overestimate the role misogynistic attitudes and repressed male sexuality played in the persecution of witches.
It would be a mistake to assert that the Christian persecution of witches and witchcraft was nothing but an attempt to suppress women and feminine influences. Christian society, politics, and theology at the time simply wasn't that simplistic. At the same time, it's hard to overestimate the role misogynistic attitudes and repressed male sexuality played in the persecution of witches.
What Are Virtue Ethics?
Virtue-based ethical theories place much less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits, such as kindness and generosity. These character traits will, in turn, allow a person to make the correct decisions later on in life.
Virtue-based ethical theories place much less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits, such as kindness and generosity. These character traits will, in turn, allow a person to make the correct decisions later on in life.
Basic Muslim Beliefs: Muslim Beliefs in Submission to God, Purity, Monotheism -
There are a number of beliefs which go beyond the Five Pillars, or which are logically dependent upon the Five Pillars.
There are a number of beliefs which go beyond the Five Pillars, or which are logically dependent upon the Five Pillars.
Odysseus \ Ulysses & Jesus: Greek & Christian Heroes
Odysseus (Latin: Ulixes, English: Ulysses) is one of the most famous characters in ancient Greek legends, not only for his exploits in the Trojan War but also because of long journey to reach home again afterward. Because Odysseus played such a central role in two of the most important epics of Greek mythology, it should hardly be surprising that the stories of Odysseus might influence later culture and religion. What's unexpected is how they might have influenced stories about Jesus. If it's true that Jesus' life was at least partially patterned after Odysseus', then at the very least the reliability of the gospels is seriously in doubt. Even the historicity of Jesus becomes more questionable.
Odysseus (Latin: Ulixes, English: Ulysses) is one of the most famous characters in ancient Greek legends, not only for his exploits in the Trojan War but also because of long journey to reach home again afterward. Because Odysseus played such a central role in two of the most important epics of Greek mythology, it should hardly be surprising that the stories of Odysseus might influence later culture and religion. What's unexpected is how they might have influenced stories about Jesus. If it's true that Jesus' life was at least partially patterned after Odysseus', then at the very least the reliability of the gospels is seriously in doubt. Even the historicity of Jesus becomes more questionable.
What is Religion? Classification of Religion Types: Nature, Salvation, Revealed, and more
What is Religion? Classification of Religion Types. There are many different types of religion, with classifications including nature religions, salvation religions, revealed religions, tribal religions, and more. Major classifications of religions are explained here with important features and characteristics.
What is Religion? Classification of Religion Types. There are many different types of religion, with classifications including nature religions, salvation religions, revealed religions, tribal religions, and more. Major classifications of religions are explained here with important features and characteristics.
Karl Marx & Religion
Karl Marx is one of the most famous and commonly quoted critics of religion - but many of those doing the quoting don't really understand what Marx actually thought about religion. His ideas were interesting and insightful - they deserve to be explained and understood properly.
Karl Marx is one of the most famous and commonly quoted critics of religion - but many of those doing the quoting don't really understand what Marx actually thought about religion. His ideas were interesting and insightful - they deserve to be explained and understood properly.
Pledge of Allegiance Resources
The Pledge of Allegiance has been recited by millions of children over the years and is familiar to most Americans, but was the addition of 'under God' a violation of church/state separation? Atheists and some theists argue that it was and that it's immoral because pledging allegiance to a nation 'under God' says that there is an official connection between patriotism and belief in a particular sort of god. This religious nationalism is connected to hostility to and distrust of atheists.
The Pledge of Allegiance has been recited by millions of children over the years and is familiar to most Americans, but was the addition of 'under God' a violation of church/state separation? Atheists and some theists argue that it was and that it's immoral because pledging allegiance to a nation 'under God' says that there is an official connection between patriotism and belief in a particular sort of god. This religious nationalism is connected to hostility to and distrust of atheists.
What is Love? What is Agape?
Agape (ah-gah-pay) is the main word used for 'love' in the New Testament. There are three principal Greek words which can be translated as 'love' in English, each with different connotations. The two most common were eros, which refers to sexual love, and philos, which means friendship or brotherly love (eros does not appear in the New Testament, but philos does). Agape was the least used in Greek and least specific in its meaning.
Agape (ah-gah-pay) is the main word used for 'love' in the New Testament. There are three principal Greek words which can be translated as 'love' in English, each with different connotations. The two most common were eros, which refers to sexual love, and philos, which means friendship or brotherly love (eros does not appear in the New Testament, but philos does). Agape was the least used in Greek and least specific in its meaning.
Medicine, Ethics, and Philosophy: Relationship Between Bioethics and Medicine
Medicine, Ethics, and Philosophy: Medicine and philosophy are no strangers - at one time, medicine was a branch of philosophy. Today, however, they are separated - and that may be part of the problem in bioethics. Those who create and control medical technology are, too often, untrained when it comes to ethical problem solving. They are not unethical, but they can lack the extra training and education which their abilities and responsibility require.
Medicine, Ethics, and Philosophy: Medicine and philosophy are no strangers - at one time, medicine was a branch of philosophy. Today, however, they are separated - and that may be part of the problem in bioethics. Those who create and control medical technology are, too often, untrained when it comes to ethical problem solving. They are not unethical, but they can lack the extra training and education which their abilities and responsibility require.
analogous / homologous structures
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - analogous / homologous structures
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - analogous / homologous structures
Top Myths About Atheism
There are many myths and misconceptions about what atheism entails and who atheists are - not surprising, since even the basic definition of atheism is so misunderstood. Many of the myths and misconceptions addressed here will follow a similar pattern, exposing fallacious reasoning, faulty premises, or both. These arguments need to be identified as the fallacies they really are because that is the only way genuine arguments and dialogues can be made possible.
There are many myths and misconceptions about what atheism entails and who atheists are - not surprising, since even the basic definition of atheism is so misunderstood. Many of the myths and misconceptions addressed here will follow a similar pattern, exposing fallacious reasoning, faulty premises, or both. These arguments need to be identified as the fallacies they really are because that is the only way genuine arguments and dialogues can be made possible.
Islam: Ramadan
Islam FAQ: the Muslim holy month of Ramadan is one of the holiest days of the year for Muslims. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims are expected to fast - abstain from food, water and many other things.
Islam FAQ: the Muslim holy month of Ramadan is one of the holiest days of the year for Muslims. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims are expected to fast - abstain from food, water and many other things.
Jerusalem: Map of the Palestine Region, c. 30 CE
Here you can see the area around Jerusalem around the time Jesus is believed to have lived, about 30 CE. At this point there are several political divisions in the region: Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee.
Here you can see the area around Jerusalem around the time Jesus is believed to have lived, about 30 CE. At this point there are several political divisions in the region: Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee.
Ethics and Morality FAQ: Normative Ethics
Ethics FAQ: Normative Ethics, or the study of how we should behave and the sorts of moral standards we should employ in our lives.
Ethics FAQ: Normative Ethics, or the study of how we should behave and the sorts of moral standards we should employ in our lives.
Witches and Scapegoats: Persecuting & Prosecuting Witches as a Way of Attacking Social Problems
Jews and heretics were often treated as scapegoats for other social problems and witches ended up no different. Regions with the most social and political unrest also happened to be those with the greatest problem with witches. Every social, political, and natural problem was blamed on witches. Crop failure? Witches did it. Well gone bad? Witches poisoned it. Political unrest and rebellion? Witches are behind it. Strife in the community? Witches are influencing people.
Jews and heretics were often treated as scapegoats for other social problems and witches ended up no different. Regions with the most social and political unrest also happened to be those with the greatest problem with witches. Every social, political, and natural problem was blamed on witches. Crop failure? Witches did it. Well gone bad? Witches poisoned it. Political unrest and rebellion? Witches are behind it. Strife in the community? Witches are influencing people.
Theseus: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Theseus was one of the great legendary kings of Athens. The Temple of Hephaestus in Athens has, in the past, been called the Thession in the belief that it had been dedicated to him and, perhaps, had held his bones. Like other Greek heroes Theseus was the son of a mortal (Aethra) and an immortal (Olympian god Poseidon).
Theseus was one of the great legendary kings of Athens. The Temple of Hephaestus in Athens has, in the past, been called the Thession in the belief that it had been dedicated to him and, perhaps, had held his bones. Like other Greek heroes Theseus was the son of a mortal (Aethra) and an immortal (Olympian god Poseidon).
Separation in the Constitution
It is true that the phrase ‘separation of church and state‘ does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. There is a problem, however, in that some people draw incorrect conclusions from this fact. The absence of this phrase does not mean that it is an invalid concept or that it cannot be used as a legal or judicial principle.
It is true that the phrase ‘separation of church and state‘ does not actually appear anywhere in the Constitution. There is a problem, however, in that some people draw incorrect conclusions from this fact. The absence of this phrase does not mean that it is an invalid concept or that it cannot be used as a legal or judicial principle.
Leonard Da Vinci's Drawings
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Born in the village of Vinci in Tuscany, Italy, on April 15, 1452, Leonardo was one of the most important artistic figures of the Renaissance. He was involved with painting, architecture, sculpture, engineering, anatomy, and more. An illegitimate child, his artistic talents were recognized early on and he was sent to study under a master goldsmith. Today he is regarded as one of the greatest painters who ever lived, though many of his final works haven't survived.
Muslim Woman From Egypt: Women's Lewdness Will Be Doubly Punished
O ye wives of the Prophet! Whosoever of you committeth manifest lewdness, the punishment for her will be doubled, and that is easy for Allah. And whosoever of you is submissive unto Allah and His messenger and doeth right, We shall give her her reward twice over, and We have prepared for her a rich provision. O ye wives of the Prophet! Ye are not like any other women.
O ye wives of the Prophet! Whosoever of you committeth manifest lewdness, the punishment for her will be doubled, and that is easy for Allah. And whosoever of you is submissive unto Allah and His messenger and doeth right, We shall give her her reward twice over, and We have prepared for her a rich provision. O ye wives of the Prophet! Ye are not like any other women.
Continuity of Modern Lebanon & Ancient Phoenicia: Map & Flag of Modern Lebanon Showing Continuity of Ancient Sites with Modern Cities
This map of modern Lebanon reveals some of the continuity between ancient Phoenicia and the modern Lebanese state. The northern-most Phoenician city-state was Arvad, just a bit beyond the northern borders of Lebanon; the southern-most Phoenician city-state was Akko, known today as Acre, and it lies just inside the Israeli border. The boundaries of ancient Phoenicia thus looked like a slightly extended version of modern Lebanon.
This map of modern Lebanon reveals some of the continuity between ancient Phoenicia and the modern Lebanese state. The northern-most Phoenician city-state was Arvad, just a bit beyond the northern borders of Lebanon; the southern-most Phoenician city-state was Akko, known today as Acre, and it lies just inside the Israeli border. The boundaries of ancient Phoenicia thus looked like a slightly extended version of modern Lebanon.
Saint Peter the Apostle: Who Was St. Peter the Apostle? What is Peter's Connection to the Roman Catholic Papacy?
The years of Peter's birth and death are unknown. Christian tradition has it that Peter died in Rome during the persecution of Christians around 64 CE under emperor Nero. Archaeological digs have uncovered what might be a shrine to Peter under St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a shrine that could conceivably have been built over his grave. Traditions about Peter's martyrdom in Rome were instrumental in the development of the idea of the primacy of Rome's Christian church.
The years of Peter's birth and death are unknown. Christian tradition has it that Peter died in Rome during the persecution of Christians around 64 CE under emperor Nero. Archaeological digs have uncovered what might be a shrine to Peter under St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a shrine that could conceivably have been built over his grave. Traditions about Peter's martyrdom in Rome were instrumental in the development of the idea of the primacy of Rome's Christian church.
Witchcraft and the Inquisition: Using the Inquisition to Suppress Dissent & Outsiders
People typically fear that which they don't understand, so witches were doubly damned: they were feared because they were allegedly agents of Satan seeking to undermine Christian society and they were feared because no one really knew what witches did or how. In the place of real knowledge or information, Christian leaders made things up and created stories which were certain to cause people to hate and fear witches even more.
People typically fear that which they don't understand, so witches were doubly damned: they were feared because they were allegedly agents of Satan seeking to undermine Christian society and they were feared because no one really knew what witches did or how. In the place of real knowledge or information, Christian leaders made things up and created stories which were certain to cause people to hate and fear witches even more.
Aesthetics, Art, and Atheism
Aesthetics almost never comes up in atheists' discussions about religion, but perhaps it should. First, religious and theistic ideas are often communicated in various forms of art (including film, books, and games) rather than in formal arguments. Atheistic critiques of religion cannot ignore this and it's impact on people's religious beliefs. Second, atheists themselves can do the same: communicate criticism of religion, religious beliefs, and theism through works of art and images.
Aesthetics almost never comes up in atheists' discussions about religion, but perhaps it should. First, religious and theistic ideas are often communicated in various forms of art (including film, books, and games) rather than in formal arguments. Atheistic critiques of religion cannot ignore this and it's impact on people's religious beliefs. Second, atheists themselves can do the same: communicate criticism of religion, religious beliefs, and theism through works of art and images.
Baptist History
Baptist Christianity is a paradoxical and conflicted force in American religion, politics, and society. On the one hand, Baptists have historically been staunch supporters of church/state separation and freedom of conscience - and many Baptist churches remain so. Southern Baptists, however, have become the largest, most powerful force opposed to church/state separation, personal liberty, and autonomy in America. They were also a powerful defender of slavery and segregation. How did this happen?
Baptist Christianity is a paradoxical and conflicted force in American religion, politics, and society. On the one hand, Baptists have historically been staunch supporters of church/state separation and freedom of conscience - and many Baptist churches remain so. Southern Baptists, however, have become the largest, most powerful force opposed to church/state separation, personal liberty, and autonomy in America. They were also a powerful defender of slavery and segregation. How did this happen?
Religious Rituals, Festivals, Sacrifices: Connecting Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion with Modern Religion
Although it may be common to speak of a Greek 'religion,' in fact the Greeks themselves didn't use such a term and might not have recognized it had someone else attempted to apply it to their practices. It's difficult to accept the idea that the Greeks where completely secular and irreligious, however. This is why a better understanding of Greek religion helps illuminate the nature of religion generally as well as the nature of religions which continue to be followed today. This, in turn, is critical for anyone who wants to engage in a sustained critique of religion and religious beliefs.
Although it may be common to speak of a Greek 'religion,' in fact the Greeks themselves didn't use such a term and might not have recognized it had someone else attempted to apply it to their practices. It's difficult to accept the idea that the Greeks where completely secular and irreligious, however. This is why a better understanding of Greek religion helps illuminate the nature of religion generally as well as the nature of religions which continue to be followed today. This, in turn, is critical for anyone who wants to engage in a sustained critique of religion and religious beliefs.
Ethics of Organ Transplants
Ethics of Organ Transplants - how do we get organs? Who should pay? Who should be allowed to have them, and why? There are more ethical dilemmas than you may realize...
Ethics of Organ Transplants - how do we get organs? Who should pay? Who should be allowed to have them, and why? There are more ethical dilemmas than you may realize...
Virgin Mary, Mother of Jesus
The synoptic gospels (but not John) identify Mary as the mother of Jesus. Mark describes Jesus as the 'son of Mary.' In Jewish tradition, a man is always identified as the son of his father, even if the father is dead. Mark may not have done this because Jesus' birth wasn't legitimate - that his parents weren't married and, therefore, his biological father wasn't also his "social" father. This may be why Matthew and Luke change the text to describe Jesus as the 'son of Joseph.'
The synoptic gospels (but not John) identify Mary as the mother of Jesus. Mark describes Jesus as the 'son of Mary.' In Jewish tradition, a man is always identified as the son of his father, even if the father is dead. Mark may not have done this because Jesus' birth wasn't legitimate - that his parents weren't married and, therefore, his biological father wasn't also his "social" father. This may be why Matthew and Luke change the text to describe Jesus as the 'son of Joseph.'
Criticism of Religions is Not Free Speech: Don't Abuse your Free Speech Rights by Offending Religious Believers
One of the most pernicious forms of attempted censorship of unwelcome views isn't overt repression, but rather to convince people not to express those unwelcome views in the first place. It's always much better to head off the wrong thoughts before they are expressed rather than clamp down on them after they are already out in public. Why employ the blunt instrument of state repression if people can be convinced to repress themselves?
One of the most pernicious forms of attempted censorship of unwelcome views isn't overt repression, but rather to convince people not to express those unwelcome views in the first place. It's always much better to head off the wrong thoughts before they are expressed rather than clamp down on them after they are already out in public. Why employ the blunt instrument of state repression if people can be convinced to repress themselves?
Saint Paul, the Thirteenth Apostle: Why Did Paul Call Himself an Apostle When He Never Met Jesus?
Paul insisted on using the title apostle despite never having met Jesus and never being called personally by Jesus. Paul claimed that the resurrected Jesus spoke to him and called him at that time. Taking the title apostle has clear political implications because the original apostles would have had the greatest authority within the growing Christian movement. They were, after all, the ones who had personally known and personally been called by Jesus.
Paul insisted on using the title apostle despite never having met Jesus and never being called personally by Jesus. Paul claimed that the resurrected Jesus spoke to him and called him at that time. Taking the title apostle has clear political implications because the original apostles would have had the greatest authority within the growing Christian movement. They were, after all, the ones who had personally known and personally been called by Jesus.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Detail of the Apostle John from the Last Supper, painting by Leondardo Da Vinci in 1498
Some people believe that John the Apostle, seated immediately to Jesus' right, isn't really John at all - instead, the figure here is really Mary Magdalene. According to Dan Brown's work of fiction The Da Vinci Code, secret revelations about the truth of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene are hidden throughout Leonardo's works (hence the 'code') and this is the most important one. Arguments on behalf of this idea include the claims that John has very effeminate features and swoons like a woman.
Some people believe that John the Apostle, seated immediately to Jesus' right, isn't really John at all - instead, the figure here is really Mary Magdalene. According to Dan Brown's work of fiction The Da Vinci Code, secret revelations about the truth of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene are hidden throughout Leonardo's works (hence the 'code') and this is the most important one. Arguments on behalf of this idea include the claims that John has very effeminate features and swoons like a woman.
Hestia: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
On account of the close relationship between Greek homes and wider Greek communities, it was common for there to be public hearths dedicated to Hestia where the fire was never allowed to go out.
On account of the close relationship between Greek homes and wider Greek communities, it was common for there to be public hearths dedicated to Hestia where the fire was never allowed to go out.
Biography: Saint Peter
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - a short biography of Saint Peter
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - a short biography of Saint Peter
Anglican, Anglicanism
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Anglican, Anglicanism. What is the Anglican Church and what are the beliefs which distinguish Anglicanism from other forms of Protestant Christianity?
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Anglican, Anglicanism. What is the Anglican Church and what are the beliefs which distinguish Anglicanism from other forms of Protestant Christianity?
Evolution & Darwinism in Schools: Teaching Evolution & Darwinism Encourages Immoral, Bestial Behavior
The above poster was created by the German government during World War I and said 'Elend und Untergang folgen der Anarchie' (Misery and Destruction follow Anarchy). Depicted is an anarchist monster carrying a knife and a gun. The original was an attempt to urge people not to give in to anarchist criticisms of the war of the German government. I have replaced the text with the standard canard about the teaching of evolution or Darwinism leading to immoral, even bestial, behavior.
The above poster was created by the German government during World War I and said 'Elend und Untergang folgen der Anarchie' (Misery and Destruction follow Anarchy). Depicted is an anarchist monster carrying a knife and a gun. The original was an attempt to urge people not to give in to anarchist criticisms of the war of the German government. I have replaced the text with the standard canard about the teaching of evolution or Darwinism leading to immoral, even bestial, behavior.
God is a Republican & Conservative: If You Love God, You Must Be Conservative and Vote Republican, God's Own Party
It's interesting just how often conservatives and Republicans claim that God is on their side politically - that their policies, their politics, their agenda, and even their political party are specifically favored by God. Many people recognize it as a sign of extreme arrogance and hubris to imagine that God is taking one's side in the political realm. This tactic is much more, and much worse, than mere hubris though. It is also an attempt to undermine the democratic process itself.
It's interesting just how often conservatives and Republicans claim that God is on their side politically - that their policies, their politics, their agenda, and even their political party are specifically favored by God. Many people recognize it as a sign of extreme arrogance and hubris to imagine that God is taking one's side in the political realm. This tactic is much more, and much worse, than mere hubris though. It is also an attempt to undermine the democratic process itself.
Metaphysics, Atheism, Theism
Atheists typically dismiss the existence of the supernatural, so they may dismiss metaphysics as pointless. Because metaphysics is technically the study of all reality, and thus whether there is any supernatural element to it, metaphysics may be the most fundamental subject for irreligious atheists to focus on. Our ability to understand what reality is, what it is composed of, what "existence" means, etc., is basic to most disagreements between irreligious atheists and religious theists.
Atheists typically dismiss the existence of the supernatural, so they may dismiss metaphysics as pointless. Because metaphysics is technically the study of all reality, and thus whether there is any supernatural element to it, metaphysics may be the most fundamental subject for irreligious atheists to focus on. Our ability to understand what reality is, what it is composed of, what "existence" means, etc., is basic to most disagreements between irreligious atheists and religious theists.
Bible Dictionary: Baptism
In Christianity, baptism is a religious sacrament which is marked by the symbolic use of water and results in admission to the community of believers. The practice of baptism is based upon the story of John the Baptist's practice of baptizing people, including Jesus and his immediate followers. Later Christian beliefs seem to have included the idea that baptism effectively created a unity between the individual believer and Christ.
In Christianity, baptism is a religious sacrament which is marked by the symbolic use of water and results in admission to the community of believers. The practice of baptism is based upon the story of John the Baptist's practice of baptizing people, including Jesus and his immediate followers. Later Christian beliefs seem to have included the idea that baptism effectively created a unity between the individual believer and Christ.
History of American Religion: Timeline 1600 - 2004
When did the first Catholics arrive in America? When did Pentecostalism first develop? When was Jerry Falwell's church was finally desegregated? When did Televangelist Oral Roberts announce that God would 'call him home' if he did not raise USD $8 million? All of these and more listed here.
When did the first Catholics arrive in America? When did Pentecostalism first develop? When was Jerry Falwell's church was finally desegregated? When did Televangelist Oral Roberts announce that God would 'call him home' if he did not raise USD $8 million? All of these and more listed here.
Guide to Ethics & Morality: Principles, Problems, and Questions
Guide to Ethics and Morality: Principles, Problems, and Questions. Important questions regarding ethics, morality and social behavior.
Guide to Ethics and Morality: Principles, Problems, and Questions. Important questions regarding ethics, morality and social behavior.
Mary Magdalene Washes Jesus' Feet With Her Hair
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in all four of the canonical gospels, but nowhere is she described as a prostitute. This popular image of Mary comes from confusion between here and two other women: Martha's sister Mary and an unnamed sinner in Luke's gospel (7:36-50). Both of these women wash Jesus' feet with their hair. Pope Gregory the Great declared that all three women were the same person and it wasn't until 1969 that the Catholic Church reversed course.
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in all four of the canonical gospels, but nowhere is she described as a prostitute. This popular image of Mary comes from confusion between here and two other women: Martha's sister Mary and an unnamed sinner in Luke's gospel (7:36-50). Both of these women wash Jesus' feet with their hair. Pope Gregory the Great declared that all three women were the same person and it wasn't until 1969 that the Catholic Church reversed course.
Ethics, Morality, and Atheism
Atheists and theists frequently debate morality on several levels: what is the origin of morality, what are proper moral behaviors, how should morality be taught, what is the nature of morality, etc. For theists, morality comes from gods and ethics is a function of theology; for atheists, morality is a natural feature of reality or human society and ethics is a part of philosophy. Atheists unfamiliar with the basics of moral philosophy will be unprepared to discuss morality with theists.
Atheists and theists frequently debate morality on several levels: what is the origin of morality, what are proper moral behaviors, how should morality be taught, what is the nature of morality, etc. For theists, morality comes from gods and ethics is a function of theology; for atheists, morality is a natural feature of reality or human society and ethics is a part of philosophy. Atheists unfamiliar with the basics of moral philosophy will be unprepared to discuss morality with theists.
Minoan Snake Goddess: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Aside from images of bulls, the only obvious deity we have from ancient Crete is the so-called Snake Goddess, perhaps an Earth Goddess who is holding two snakes in her outstretched hands.
Aside from images of bulls, the only obvious deity we have from ancient Crete is the so-called Snake Goddess, perhaps an Earth Goddess who is holding two snakes in her outstretched hands.
Boy Scouts Must Be Prepared to Fight Godless Atheism: Bigotry & Discrimination are Needed for Christian Society
Although the Boy Scouts' discrimination against gays appears to be most widely known, they discriminate against atheists on basically the same basis. According to the Boy Scouts, atheists cannot be morally straight or the best kinds of citizens; therefore, they have no place in the organization either as scouts or as adult leaders. People who admit to being atheists are kicked out regardless of their past accomplishments.
Although the Boy Scouts' discrimination against gays appears to be most widely known, they discriminate against atheists on basically the same basis. According to the Boy Scouts, atheists cannot be morally straight or the best kinds of citizens; therefore, they have no place in the organization either as scouts or as adult leaders. People who admit to being atheists are kicked out regardless of their past accomplishments.
Karl Marx on Religion
This quote is reproduced a great deal and is probably the only Marx quote that most people are familiar with. Unfortunately, if someone is familiar with it they are likely only familiar with a small portion that, taken by itself, tends to give a distorted impression of what Marx had to say about religion.
This quote is reproduced a great deal and is probably the only Marx quote that most people are familiar with. Unfortunately, if someone is familiar with it they are likely only familiar with a small portion that, taken by itself, tends to give a distorted impression of what Marx had to say about religion.
McCain on Religion Secularism
John McCain has long been an important Republican politician, active both in his home state of Arizona as Senator and on the national scene as candidate for president. McCain's views on religion, religious faith, secularism, church-state separation have played an important role in his political policy choices, which means that atheists need to consider those views when evaluating McCain. How has John McCain injected his own Christian doctrines or prejudices into public policy and civil law?
John McCain has long been an important Republican politician, active both in his home state of Arizona as Senator and on the national scene as candidate for president. McCain's views on religion, religious faith, secularism, church-state separation have played an important role in his political policy choices, which means that atheists need to consider those views when evaluating McCain. How has John McCain injected his own Christian doctrines or prejudices into public policy and civil law?
Aphrodite and Eros: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, fertility, procreation, sexuality, seduction, and harmony who was born out of the severed genitalia of Uranus. Aphrodite's seductions and temptations were a constant source of pleasure and danger for both gods and mortals.
Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, fertility, procreation, sexuality, seduction, and harmony who was born out of the severed genitalia of Uranus. Aphrodite's seductions and temptations were a constant source of pleasure and danger for both gods and mortals.
Islam's Holy Days, Holidays
The Islamic calendar begins in the Western year 622 A.D. on the date which Muhammad and his closest companions moved from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra. During the twelve lunar months there are a number of important holidays, or holy days, including: Al-Hijra, Ashura, Mawlid al-Nabi, and Eid Al-Adhha. The term Eid is the Arabic term for festivity or celebration, and is only attached to a couple of holy days in the Muslim year.
The Islamic calendar begins in the Western year 622 A.D. on the date which Muhammad and his closest companions moved from Mecca to Medina, known as the Hijra. During the twelve lunar months there are a number of important holidays, or holy days, including: Al-Hijra, Ashura, Mawlid al-Nabi, and Eid Al-Adhha. The term Eid is the Arabic term for festivity or celebration, and is only attached to a couple of holy days in the Muslim year.
Critiquing Arguments
Assuming that we have established that we have an actual argument, the next step is to examine it for validity. There are two points on which an argument might fail: its premises or its inferences. Because of this, it is necessary to distinguish between valid arguments and sound arguments.
Assuming that we have established that we have an actual argument, the next step is to examine it for validity. There are two points on which an argument might fail: its premises or its inferences. Because of this, it is necessary to distinguish between valid arguments and sound arguments.
Church Depictions of Witches & Witchcraft: Christian Fiction & Prejudice, not Reality or Real Practices
Portrayals of witchcraft in church records can be very amusing. Almost everything that was 'known' at the time about witches was pure fiction, inventions by church authorities who were told that witches were a threat and so had to come up with something to describe. Their creations have passed on into popular cultural images of witches which continue to this day.
Portrayals of witchcraft in church records can be very amusing. Almost everything that was 'known' at the time about witches was pure fiction, inventions by church authorities who were told that witches were a threat and so had to come up with something to describe. Their creations have passed on into popular cultural images of witches which continue to this day.
Philosophy Overview
Philosophy is not the same as "life" - on the other hand, almost any other definition would seem to narrow. So just how are we supposed to approach the subject? It must be possible, otherwise no one would even be able to begin a study of philosophy. Or can they? What is Philosophy? How is philosophy defined? What does it mean to do philosophy? What are some of the important branches of philosophy?
Philosophy is not the same as "life" - on the other hand, almost any other definition would seem to narrow. So just how are we supposed to approach the subject? It must be possible, otherwise no one would even be able to begin a study of philosophy. Or can they? What is Philosophy? How is philosophy defined? What does it mean to do philosophy? What are some of the important branches of philosophy?
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline, 40 BCE - 95 CE
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline. Chronology of people, places, and events between 40 BCE and 95 CE. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events as well as listings for other important world events to provide historical context.
Chronology of Early & New Testament Christianity: Christian History Timeline. Chronology of people, places, and events between 40 BCE and 95 CE. Includes links for more detailed information on specific topics, people, and events as well as listings for other important world events to provide historical context.
Troy Map: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Before 3500 BCE Greece looked like much of the rest of Europe: mud-brick houses and simple painted pottery. Because of Troy, however, the influence of the East began to take hold and a new sort of civilization began to develop, characterized most obviously by stone fortifications on various hilltops...
Before 3500 BCE Greece looked like much of the rest of Europe: mud-brick houses and simple painted pottery. Because of Troy, however, the influence of the East began to take hold and a new sort of civilization began to develop, characterized most obviously by stone fortifications on various hilltops...
Mary Magdalene Vists Jesus' Empty Tomb
Mary Magdalene's age is unknown; biblical texts say nothing about when she was born or died. Like Jesus' male disciples, Mary Magdalene appears to have come from Galilee. She was with him at the beginning of his ministry in Galilee and continued after his execution. The name Magdalene suggests her origin as the town of Magdala (Taricheae), on the Sea of Galilee's western shore. It was an important source of salt, an administrative center, and the largest of ten major towns around the lake.
Mary Magdalene's age is unknown; biblical texts say nothing about when she was born or died. Like Jesus' male disciples, Mary Magdalene appears to have come from Galilee. She was with him at the beginning of his ministry in Galilee and continued after his execution. The name Magdalene suggests her origin as the town of Magdala (Taricheae), on the Sea of Galilee's western shore. It was an important source of salt, an administrative center, and the largest of ten major towns around the lake.
Do Not Bear False Witness
There is a question of just what 'bearing false witness' is supposed to entail. It seems as though it might have been originally intended to prohibit lying in a court of law. For the ancient Hebrews, anyone caught lying during their testimony could be forced to submit to whatever punishment would have been imposed upon the accused - even including death.
There is a question of just what 'bearing false witness' is supposed to entail. It seems as though it might have been originally intended to prohibit lying in a court of law. For the ancient Hebrews, anyone caught lying during their testimony could be forced to submit to whatever punishment would have been imposed upon the accused - even including death.
Priests, Celibacy, Marriage
You aren't likely to hear a great deal about married Roman Catholic priests, but they do exist. They are Roman Catholic priests and many are married - so many, in fact, that some estimates place their number at around 20% of all Roman Catholic priests in the world. This would mean that 20% of all Roman Catholic priests are officially and legally married, even though celibacy continues to be a requirement.
You aren't likely to hear a great deal about married Roman Catholic priests, but they do exist. They are Roman Catholic priests and many are married - so many, in fact, that some estimates place their number at around 20% of all Roman Catholic priests in the world. This would mean that 20% of all Roman Catholic priests are officially and legally married, even though celibacy continues to be a requirement.
Jerusalem: Wailing Wall, 1927
The Wailing Wall, located in Jerusalem, is considered by both Jews and Muslims as a significant and holy site. In this image we have several women standing up against the wall, praying. Today there is a fence (mechitza) separating men from women - Orthodox Jewish men don't believe that it is acceptable to pray right alongside women. Men, of course, are given the much larger area for prayers.
The Wailing Wall, located in Jerusalem, is considered by both Jews and Muslims as a significant and holy site. In this image we have several women standing up against the wall, praying. Today there is a fence (mechitza) separating men from women - Orthodox Jewish men don't believe that it is acceptable to pray right alongside women. Men, of course, are given the much larger area for prayers.
James the Apostle: Profile
James, the son of Zebedee, was called along with this brother John to be one of Jesus' twelve apostles who would accompany him on his ministry. James appears in the lists of apostles in the synoptic gospels as well as Acts. James and his brother John were given the nickname 'Boanerges' (sons of thunder) by Jesus; some believe this was a reference to their tempers.
James, the son of Zebedee, was called along with this brother John to be one of Jesus' twelve apostles who would accompany him on his ministry. James appears in the lists of apostles in the synoptic gospels as well as Acts. James and his brother John were given the nickname 'Boanerges' (sons of thunder) by Jesus; some believe this was a reference to their tempers.
Quotes on Religion - George Carlin
Freethought Quotations: George Carlin.
Freethought Quotations: George Carlin.
Quotes on Religion - Stephen Hawking
Freethought Quotations: Stephen Hawking.
Freethought Quotations: Stephen Hawking.
What Is Atheism?
Theism, broadly defined, is just the belief in the existence of at least one god. Contrasted with this is atheism: broadly defined, atheism is the absence of belief in the existence of any gods. Most disagreement over this comes from Christians who insist that atheism must be the denial of gods, or at least of their god. Mere absence of belief in gods is, they claim, properly labeled agnosticism - even though agnosticism has it's own definition and is about a different concept entirely.
Theism, broadly defined, is just the belief in the existence of at least one god. Contrasted with this is atheism: broadly defined, atheism is the absence of belief in the existence of any gods. Most disagreement over this comes from Christians who insist that atheism must be the denial of gods, or at least of their god. Mere absence of belief in gods is, they claim, properly labeled agnosticism - even though agnosticism has it's own definition and is about a different concept entirely.
What is Pragmatism?
Pragmatism is an American philosophy from the early 20th century. According to Pragmatism, the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences rather than anything metaphysical. It can be summarized by the phrase 'whatever works, is likely true.' Because reality changes, 'whatever works' will also change - thus, truth must also be changeable and no one can claim to possess any final or ultimate truth.
Pragmatism is an American philosophy from the early 20th century. According to Pragmatism, the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences rather than anything metaphysical. It can be summarized by the phrase 'whatever works, is likely true.' Because reality changes, 'whatever works' will also change - thus, truth must also be changeable and no one can claim to possess any final or ultimate truth.
Saint Jude Thaddeus the Apostle: Who was St. Jude Thaddeus, the Twelfth Apostle with the Disputed Name?
Also sometimes known as Jude Lebbeus or just Thaddeus, Jude Thaddeus was the brother of another apostle, St. James the Less and he is the 'mystery' apostle because he's the one the synoptic gospels disagree on. Mark and some versions of Matthew list him as Thaddeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Lebbeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Judas the Zealot; Luke lists him as Judas, son of James.
Also sometimes known as Jude Lebbeus or just Thaddeus, Jude Thaddeus was the brother of another apostle, St. James the Less and he is the 'mystery' apostle because he's the one the synoptic gospels disagree on. Mark and some versions of Matthew list him as Thaddeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Lebbeus; some versions of Matthew list him as Judas the Zealot; Luke lists him as Judas, son of James.
Cannibalism - I'd Like My God Medium Rare, Please. With a Nice Chianti. - Cannibalism, Human Sacrifice, and Christian Theology
Even suggesting a connection between cannibalism and Christian mass may sound extreme to some, but just as the crucifixion of Jesus has a lot in common with older religious practices of human sacrifice, so too does the idea of transubstantiation - wine and bread becoming the blood and body of Jesus - have a lot in common with older religious practices of cannibalism. Crucifixion and mass are easier to understand if one understands the religious background of human sacrifice and cannibalism.
Even suggesting a connection between cannibalism and Christian mass may sound extreme to some, but just as the crucifixion of Jesus has a lot in common with older religious practices of human sacrifice, so too does the idea of transubstantiation - wine and bread becoming the blood and body of Jesus - have a lot in common with older religious practices of cannibalism. Crucifixion and mass are easier to understand if one understands the religious background of human sacrifice and cannibalism.
Mary Magdalene, drawing by Leonardo Da Vinci
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in the lists of Jesus' female companions that appear in Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Some believe that Mary Magdalene may have been an important figure among the female disciples, perhaps even their leader and a member of Jesus' inner circle of disciples -- but not, apparently, to the degree of the 12 apostles. There is no textual evidence to allow for any definitive conclusions, though.
Mary Magdalene is mentioned in the lists of Jesus' female companions that appear in Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Some believe that Mary Magdalene may have been an important figure among the female disciples, perhaps even their leader and a member of Jesus' inner circle of disciples -- but not, apparently, to the degree of the 12 apostles. There is no textual evidence to allow for any definitive conclusions, though.
God Bless America: The United States of America is Blessed by God; Americans are Chosen by God to Do His Will
The idea that God has blessed America is integral to Christian Nationalists' religious and political ideology. This concept of a blessing isn't about God generally blessing humanity, but is instead the assertion of a special relationship between God and America - a relationship not unlike the one described in the Old Testament between God and Israel. Without this special relationship, much of Christian Nationalists' religious and political agenda would be difficult if not impossible to justify.
The idea that God has blessed America is integral to Christian Nationalists' religious and political ideology. This concept of a blessing isn't about God generally blessing humanity, but is instead the assertion of a special relationship between God and America - a relationship not unlike the one described in the Old Testament between God and Israel. Without this special relationship, much of Christian Nationalists' religious and political agenda would be difficult if not impossible to justify.
Einstein on God, Religion
What did Albert Einstein think about God, religion, faith, and science? Given his stature in the field of science, it's hardly surprising that everyone might want to claim him for their own agenda. Given the equivocal nature of some of his statements, this isn't as easy as one might hope. Nevertheless, Einstein wasn't always equivocal: he often stated clearly that he rejected the existence of a personal God, of an afterlife, of traditional religion, etc.
What did Albert Einstein think about God, religion, faith, and science? Given his stature in the field of science, it's hardly surprising that everyone might want to claim him for their own agenda. Given the equivocal nature of some of his statements, this isn't as easy as one might hope. Nevertheless, Einstein wasn't always equivocal: he often stated clearly that he rejected the existence of a personal God, of an afterlife, of traditional religion, etc.
John the Apostle: Profile
John, the son of Zebedee, was called along with this brother James to be one of Jesus' twelve apostles who would accompany him on his ministry. John appears in the lists of apostles in the synoptic gospels as well as Acts. John and his brother James were given the nickname 'Boanerges' (sons of thunder) by Jesus; some believe this was a reference to their tempers.
John, the son of Zebedee, was called along with this brother James to be one of Jesus' twelve apostles who would accompany him on his ministry. John appears in the lists of apostles in the synoptic gospels as well as Acts. John and his brother James were given the nickname 'Boanerges' (sons of thunder) by Jesus; some believe this was a reference to their tempers.
Science FAQ: What is the Scientific Method?
Science FAQ: What is the scientific method? How does science operate? A description of how science can proceed and how scientists develop and justify reliable knowledge claims about the word - at least ideally.
Science FAQ: What is the scientific method? How does science operate? A description of how science can proceed and how scientists develop and justify reliable knowledge claims about the word - at least ideally.
Hades / Haides / Pluto: Images of Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art
Hades is generally depicted as being mirthless, pitiless, morbid, and morose. He was not the personification of death (Thanatos), but he was responsible for ruling over the shades of the dead - a thankless task, perhaps resulting in his generally unpleasant demeanor.
Hades is generally depicted as being mirthless, pitiless, morbid, and morose. He was not the personification of death (Thanatos), but he was responsible for ruling over the shades of the dead - a thankless task, perhaps resulting in his generally unpleasant demeanor.
What is Critical Thinking?
The term 'critical thinking' is used, in one form or another, throughout this site - but what does it mean? Some may get the impression that it simply involves finding fault with others and others' ideas, but that isn't really the case. As a general rule, critical thinking involves developing some emotional and intellectual distance between yourself and ideas - whether your own or others' - in order to better evaluate their truth, validity, and reasonableness.
The term 'critical thinking' is used, in one form or another, throughout this site - but what does it mean? Some may get the impression that it simply involves finding fault with others and others' ideas, but that isn't really the case. As a general rule, critical thinking involves developing some emotional and intellectual distance between yourself and ideas - whether your own or others' - in order to better evaluate their truth, validity, and reasonableness.
Public Character of Greek Religion: Images of Ancient Greek Religion & Mythology
Everyone in ancient Greece defined their lives in relation to the sacred realm and in relation to the political organization of their city-state. In this way religion and politics were deeply intertwined - arguably, there was no obvious separation between the two.
Everyone in ancient Greece defined their lives in relation to the sacred realm and in relation to the political organization of their city-state. In this way religion and politics were deeply intertwined - arguably, there was no obvious separation between the two.
What is Religion? Defining Religions and Religious Belief Systems
What is Religion? Defining Religions and Religious Belief Systems. Religion is difficult to define, but you can't study it without having some idea of what religion really is. There are many different types of definitions, some of which are explored and explained here.
What is Religion? Defining Religions and Religious Belief Systems. Religion is difficult to define, but you can't study it without having some idea of what religion really is. There are many different types of definitions, some of which are explored and explained here.
Undated Map of Olympia: Mythology, Religion, Art in Ancient Olympia
Olympia is the site of the ancient Greek Olympics. The original Olympic games occurred every four years with hardly any interruption for nearly 1,200 years with a largely unchanged program. Only in the 4th century CE were they finally abolished by the Christian emperor of Rome Theodosius II. The focal point of Olympia was not the stadium (located off to the side of this map) but the Temple of Zeus.
Olympia is the site of the ancient Greek Olympics. The original Olympic games occurred every four years with hardly any interruption for nearly 1,200 years with a largely unchanged program. Only in the 4th century CE were they finally abolished by the Christian emperor of Rome Theodosius II. The focal point of Olympia was not the stadium (located off to the side of this map) but the Temple of Zeus.
Evolution & Creationism: Issues, Science, and Religion
Evolution & Creationism: Issues, Science, and Religion
Evolution & Creationism: Issues, Science, and Religion
Baalbek Stone of the Pregnant Woman: Unbelievably Massive Stone in the Quarry Near Baalbek, Lebanon
The Baalbek trilithon is a set of three massive stone blocks which are part of the foundation of the Temple of Jupiter Baal in Baalbek. They are so large that people cannot imagine how they were cut and transported to the site. There is a fourth block still in the quarry which is three feet longer than the blocks in the trilithon and which is estimated to weigh 1,200 tons. Locals have named it Hajar el Gouble (Stone of the South) and Hajar el Hibla (Stone of the Pregnant Woman).
The Baalbek trilithon is a set of three massive stone blocks which are part of the foundation of the Temple of Jupiter Baal in Baalbek. They are so large that people cannot imagine how they were cut and transported to the site. There is a fourth block still in the quarry which is three feet longer than the blocks in the trilithon and which is estimated to weigh 1,200 tons. Locals have named it Hajar el Gouble (Stone of the South) and Hajar el Hibla (Stone of the Pregnant Woman).
Thou Shalt Not Commit Adultery
The problem here lies with the meaning of the word 'adultery.' People today tend define it as any act of sexual intercourse outside of marriage or, perhaps a bit more narrowly, any act of sexual intercourse between a married person and someone who is not their spouse. That is appropriate in contemporary society but it isn’t not how the word has always been defined.
The problem here lies with the meaning of the word 'adultery.' People today tend define it as any act of sexual intercourse outside of marriage or, perhaps a bit more narrowly, any act of sexual intercourse between a married person and someone who is not their spouse. That is appropriate in contemporary society but it isn’t not how the word has always been defined.
Religion vs. Philosophy
Is religion just a type of philosophy? Is philosophy a religious activity? There seems to be some confusion at times over just whether and how religion and philosophy should be distinguished from each other - this confusion is not unjustified because there are some very strong similarities between the two.
Is religion just a type of philosophy? Is philosophy a religious activity? There seems to be some confusion at times over just whether and how religion and philosophy should be distinguished from each other - this confusion is not unjustified because there are some very strong similarities between the two.
Jesus Calms the Storm
During the trip across the Sea of Galilee, a large storm comes up - so large that the boat threatens to sink after so much water has entered it. How Jesus manages to stay asleep though this is unknown, but traditional commentaries on the passage say that he slept deliberately in order to test the faith of the apostles. If that is the case, then they failed, because they were so scared that they woke Jesus up to find out whether he cared if they all drowned.
During the trip across the Sea of Galilee, a large storm comes up - so large that the boat threatens to sink after so much water has entered it. How Jesus manages to stay asleep though this is unknown, but traditional commentaries on the passage say that he slept deliberately in order to test the faith of the apostles. If that is the case, then they failed, because they were so scared that they woke Jesus up to find out whether he cared if they all drowned.
Biography: Luther, Martin
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Short Biography of Martin Luther
Glossary of Religion and Philosophy - Short Biography of Martin Luther
What is Agnosticism?
So, what is the definition of agnosticism? Some imagine that agnosticism represents an alternative to atheism, but those people have typically bought into the mistaken notion of the single, narrow definition of atheism. Strictly speaking, agnosticism is about knowledge, and knowledge is a related but separate issue from belief, the domain of theism and atheism.
So, what is the definition of agnosticism? Some imagine that agnosticism represents an alternative to atheism, but those people have typically bought into the mistaken notion of the single, narrow definition of atheism. Strictly speaking, agnosticism is about knowledge, and knowledge is a related but separate issue from belief, the domain of theism and atheism.
Was Peter the First Pope?
Catholics believe that the bishop of Rome inherits the mantle of Peter, apostle of Jesus Christ who was entrusted with the administration of his church after he died. Peter travelled to Rome where he is believed to have established a Christian community before he was martyred. All popes are, then, successors of Peter not only as leading the Christian community in Rome, but also as leading the Christian community in general, and they maintain a direct connection to the original apostles.
Catholics believe that the bishop of Rome inherits the mantle of Peter, apostle of Jesus Christ who was entrusted with the administration of his church after he died. Peter travelled to Rome where he is believed to have established a Christian community before he was martyred. All popes are, then, successors of Peter not only as leading the Christian community in Rome, but also as leading the Christian community in general, and they maintain a direct connection to the original apostles.
Black Liberation Theology
The primary architect of Black Liberation Theology in North America is James Cone. A Protestant minister who grew up in Arkansas under the heavy hand of segregation, Cone observed first-hand the way white Christians treated blacks - even after desegregation was ordered by the federal government. The Christian messages of peace and brotherly love contrasted sharply with Christians’ bigoted behavior, and this left a lasting mark on Cone’s thinking.
The primary architect of Black Liberation Theology in North America is James Cone. A Protestant minister who grew up in Arkansas under the heavy hand of segregation, Cone observed first-hand the way white Christians treated blacks - even after desegregation was ordered by the federal government. The Christian messages of peace and brotherly love contrasted sharply with Christians’ bigoted behavior, and this left a lasting mark on Cone’s thinking.
Who Was Muhammad?
Contrary to traditional Islamic history and assumptions, we don't know a great deal about Muhammad, what he did, or what he taught.
Contrary to traditional Islamic history and assumptions, we don't know a great deal about Muhammad, what he did, or what he taught.
Illustration of a Battle During the Crusades: Battles of the Crusades Gallery
The Crusades were religious, military, political, and commercial expeditions against both rival religions and rival Christian groups. They helped European society define itself and they laid the groundwork for end of feudalism. The relationship between Christianity and Islam was permanently altered and the Crusades continue through this day to influence how Islam sees the West.
The Crusades were religious, military, political, and commercial expeditions against both rival religions and rival Christian groups. They helped European society define itself and they laid the groundwork for end of feudalism. The relationship between Christianity and Islam was permanently altered and the Crusades continue through this day to influence how Islam sees the West.
Only Christians Need Apply: Transforming America's Military into a Christian Military
The militarization of Christianity and the Christianization of the military is something which should worry everyone, including moderate and Christians in America. If Christian Nationalists are able to acquire significant influence through the military, they could acquire a degree of military power within the United States. There is no example of the militarization of a religion which has turned out well, nor any such example of a military coming under the sway of a particular religion.
The militarization of Christianity and the Christianization of the military is something which should worry everyone, including moderate and Christians in America. If Christian Nationalists are able to acquire significant influence through the military, they could acquire a degree of military power within the United States. There is no example of the militarization of a religion which has turned out well, nor any such example of a military coming under the sway of a particular religion.
Marriage: One Man, One Woman?
Those who argue against gay marriage insist that the only marriages between men and women are legitimate, but what about those who are not quite male or female - at least not according to the definitions usually employed? Defining marriage in terms of sex begs the question of how we define the sexes - how we define who is a 'man' and who is a 'woman.' Deciding who can marry whom isn't always a simple matter of determining what sorts of internal organs a person has.
Those who argue against gay marriage insist that the only marriages between men and women are legitimate, but what about those who are not quite male or female - at least not according to the definitions usually employed? Defining marriage in terms of sex begs the question of how we define the sexes - how we define who is a 'man' and who is a 'woman.' Deciding who can marry whom isn't always a simple matter of determining what sorts of internal organs a person has.
What is Crucifixion?
Today crucifixion is associated with Jesus and Christianity, but as a method of execution it enjoyed widespread popularity with tyrants and governments throughout the ancient world. It is generally considered one of the cruelest and most painful ways to kill someone, and ancient historians like Herodotus record its presence in one form or another among the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, and more.
Today crucifixion is associated with Jesus and Christianity, but as a method of execution it enjoyed widespread popularity with tyrants and governments throughout the ancient world. It is generally considered one of the cruelest and most painful ways to kill someone, and ancient historians like Herodotus record its presence in one form or another among the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, and more.